Sunday, August 23, 2009

TIK By;YERY

Industri teknologi informasi dan komunikasi (ICT) telah menjadi bendera baru bagi Norway. Saat ini industri ICT merupakan industri land-based kedua terbesar di Norway berdasarkan pergantian yang terjadi (turnover), dan tidak hanya menciptakan kekayaan tapi juga merupakan pemasok vital bagi sektor bisnis dan umum lainnya. Industri ini terdiri dari berbagai jenis perusahaan berteknologi tinggi yang menciptakan jenis telekomunikasi baru, perangkat keras dan lunak ICT, produk elektronik untuk industri, serta menyediakan layanan konsultasi.
Norwegia merupakan salah satu pengguna ICT per-kapita terbesar di dunia, dengan infrastruktur yang mencakup sistem yang dikembangkan dengan baik dan jaringan kabel fiber optik untuk transmisi dijital. Kapasitas jaringan komunikasi Norwegia mengalami perkembangan pesat, dan sektor telekomunikasi telah melahirkan peneliti dan perusahaan yang mampu bersaing dalam skala internasional. Rangkaian produk yang tersedia termasuk sistem komunikasi satelit, sistem penempatan global, sistem telepon selular, sistem pengelolaan jaringan, sistem transmisi dan teknologi fiber optik.
Perancang perangkat keras Norwegia merupakan kelompok yang inovatif, dan telah mengembangkan beragam produk khusus, seperti sistem konferensi melalui video, peralatan multimedia, transmiter radio dijital, solusi penyimpanan data, terminal kartu kredit dan penyedia tenaga listrik.
Revolusi perangkat lunak Norwegia dipicu oleh perkembangan industri tradisional, seperti minyak, jasa pengiriman dan perikanan. Kebutuhan dari sektor tersebut, serta kemampuan menciptakan serta membiayai solusi dengan teknologi tinggi dengan menekan biaya telah mendorong pengembangan perangkat lunak baru dan terintegrasi. Saat ini terdapat banyak perusahaan di industri ICT yang memasok solusi perangkat lunak dan moduler (termasuk data, customer relations, administratif, dan sistem pengelolaan keuangan) ke hampir seluruh sektor swasta dan publik. Perusahaan Norwegia juga telah menjadi pelopor di bidang telemedicine dan belajar jarak jauh. Solusi canggih mulai dilirik oleh pembeli internasional.
Internet banyak digunakan di Norwegia, dan terus mengalami pertumbuhan secara cepat. Perusahaan Norwegia merupakan yang terdepan dalam bidang teknologi Internet, termasuk pengembangan situs multi fungsi dan Intranet, Web browsers yang sangat cepat, permainan on-line dan solusi e-commerce. Industri ICT Norwegia unggul dalam menemulkan solusi yang mudah digunakan, yang memprioritaskan pengguna dan interaksi antar individu.

nonverbal communicatoin_by_marius

[edit] Nonverbal communication
Nonverbal communication is the process of communicating through sending and receiving wordless messages. Such messages can be communicated through gesture, body language or posture; facial expression and eye contact, object communication such as clothing, hairstyles or even architecture, or symbols and infographics, as well as through an aggregate of the above, such as behavioral communication. Nonverbal communication plays a key role in every person's day to day life, from employment to romantic engagements.
Speech may also contain nonverbal elements known as paralanguage, including voice quality, emotion and speaking style, as well as prosodic features such as rhythm, intonation and stress. Likewise, written texts have nonverbal elements such as handwriting style, spatial arrangement of words, or the use of emoticons.A portmanteau of the English words emotion (or emote) and icon, an emoticon is a symbol or combination of symbols used to convey emotional content in written or message form.
Other communication channels such as telegraphy fit into this category, whereby signals travel from person to person by an alternative means. These signals can in themselves be representative of words, objects or merely be state projections. Trials have shown that humans can communicate directly in this way[5] without body language, voice tonality or words.

[edit] Visual communication
Visual communication as the name suggests is communication through visual aid. It is the conveyance of ideas and information in forms that can be read or looked upon. Primarily associated with two dimensional images, it includes: signs, typography, drawing, graphic design, illustration, colour and electronic resources. It solely relies on vision. It is form of communication with visual effect. It explores the idea that a visual message with text has a greater power to inform, educate or persuade a person. It is communication by presenting information through visual form.
The evaluation of a good visual design is based on measuring comprehension by the audience, not on aesthetic or artistic preference. There are no universally agreed-upon principles of beauty and ugliness. There exists a variety of ways to present information visually, like gestures, body languages, video and TV. Here, focus is on the presentation of text, pictures, diagrams, photos, et cetera, integrated on a computer display. The term visual presentation is used to refer to the actual presentation of information. Recent research in the field has focused on web design and graphically oriented usability. Graphic designers use methods of visual communication in their professional practice.

information and communication [By Fitria]



INFORMATION
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COMMUNICATION
click Image




sejarah perkembangan teknologi dan informasi By_ikhromul Azhmi_

. Masa (….s/d 3000 SM)
Pada awalnya teknologi informasi yang dikembangkan manusia pada masa ini berfungsi sebagai sistem untuk pengenalan bentuk-bentuk yang meraka kenal. Mereka menggambarkan informasi yang mereka dapatkan pada dinding-dinding gua, tentang berburu dan binatang buruannya. Pada masa ini mereka mulai melakukan pengidentifikasian benda-benda yang ada dilingkungan mereka tinggal dan mewakilinya dengan bentuk-bentuk yang kemudian mereka lukis pada dinding gua tempa.t mereka tinggal, karena kemampuan mereka dalam berbahasa hanya berkisar pada bentuk suara dengusan dan isyarat tangan sebagai bentuk awal komunikasi mereka pada masa ini.
Perkembangan selanjutnya adalah diciptakan dan digunakannya alat-alat yang menghasilkan bunyi dan isyarat, seperti kendang ,terompet yang terbuat dari tanduk binatang, atau isyarat asap sebagai alat pemberi peringatan terhadap bahaya.

b. Masa Sejarah(3000 SM s/d 1400 –an M)
Pada masa tersebut teknologi informasi belum menjadi teknologi masal seperti yang kalian kenal sekarang ini, teknologi informasi masih digunakan oleh kalangan terbatas saja, digunakan pada saat-saat khusus dan biaya yang dikeluarkan banyak.

c. Masa 3000 SM
Untuk pertama kali tulisan digunakan oleh bangsa Sumeria dengan symbol-simbol yang dibentuk dari pictograf sebagai huruf.
Simbol atau huruf-huruf ini juga mempunyai bentuk bunyi yang berbeda (penyebutan), sehingga mampu menjadi kata , kalimat dan bahasa.

d. Masa Sejarah (3000 SM s/d 1400-an M)
1) 2900 SM
Pengunaan huruf hierogliph pada bangsa Mesir kuno. Hierogliph merupakan bahasa symbol dimana setiap ungkapan diwakili oleh symbol yang berbeda.Ketika digabungkan menjadi satu akan mempunyai cara pengucapan dan arti yang berbeda. Bentuk tulisan dan bahasa heirogliph ini lebih maju dibandingkan dengan tulisan bangsa Sumeria.
2) 500 SM
Serat papyrus digunakan sebagai kertas. Kertas terbuat dari serat pohon papyrus yang tumbuh disekitar Sungai Nil ini menjadi media menulis atau media informasi yang lebih kuat dan fleksibel dibandingkan dengan lempengan tanah liat yang sebelumnya digunakan sebagai menia informasi.
3) 105 M
Bangsa Cina menemukan kertas.Kertas yang ditemukan oleh bangsa Cina pada masa ini adalah kertas yang kalian kenal sekarang. Kertas ini dibuat dari serat bambu yang dihaluskan, disaring,dicuci, kemudian diratakan dan di keringkan. Penemuan ini juga memungkinkan sistem pencetakan yang dilakukan dengan menggunakan blok kayu yang ditoreh dan dilumuri oleh tinta atau yang kalian kenal sekarang dengan sistem cap.


2. Masa Modern (1400-an M s/d sekarang)

Tahun 1455
Mesin cetak yang menggunakan plat huruf terbuat dari besi yang dapat diganti-ganti dalam bingkai yang terbuat dari kayu dikembangkan untuk yang pertama kalinya oleh Johann Guntenberg

Tahun 1830
Augusta Lady Byron menulis program komputer yang pertama di dunia bekerja sama dengan Charles Babbage menggunakan mesin Analytical-nya. Alat tersebut didesain mampu memasukkan data, mengola data, dan menghasilkan bentuk keluaran dalam sebuah kartu. Mesin ini dikenal sebagai bentuk komputer digital yang pertama walaupun cara kerjanya lebih bersifat mekanis daripada bersifat digital, 94 tahun sebelum komputer digital pertama ENIAC 1 dibentuk .

Tahun 1837
Samuel Morse mengembangkan telegraf dan bahasa kode Morse bersama Sir Wiliam Cook dan Sir Charles Wheatstone yang dikirim secara elektronik antara dua tempat yang berjauhan melalui kabel yang menghubungkan kedua tempat tersebut. Pengiriman dan penerimaan informasi ini mampu dikirim dan diterima pada saat yang hampir bersamaan waktunya penemuan ini memungkinkan informasi dapat diterima dan digunakan secara luas oleh masyarakat tanpa dirintangi oleh jarak dan waktu.

Tahun 1861
Gambar bergerak yang diproyeksikan ke dalam sebuah layar pertama kali digunakan sebagai cikal bakal film sekarang pada zaman dulu proyektor ini berkembang dengan sebutan layar tancap.

Tahun 1876
Pada masa ini ditandai dengan tokoh Melvyl Dewey yang mengembangkan sistem penulisan desimal.

Tahun 1877
1) Alexander Graham Bell menciptakan dan mengembangkan telepon yang digunakan pertama kali secara umum.
2) Fotografi dengan kecepatan tinggi ditemukan oleh Edward Maybridge.

Tahun 1899
Dipergunakan system penyimpanan dalam tape (pita) magnetis yang pertama tetapi pada masa ini penyimpanan masih bersifat analog belum digital seperti masa sekarang.
Tahun 1923
Pada masa ini ditandai dengan Zvorkyn menciptakan tabung TV yang pertama.

Tahun 1940
Dimulainya pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan dalam bidang informasi pada masa Perang Dunia 2 yang digunakan untuk kepentingan pengiriman dan penerimaan dokumen-dokumen militer yang disimpan dalam bentuk magnetic tape.

Tahun 1945
Vannevar Bush mengembangkan sistem pengkodean menggunakan hypertext.Pada masa ini penggunaan hypertext sudah berkembang seiring dengan perkembangan desain web site yang saat ini berkembang.

Tahun 1946
Pada masa kurun waktu ini teknologi komputer digital pertama di dunia ENIAC I dikembangkan walaupun belum begitu banyak pemakai tetapi teknologi computer sudah digunakan instansi-instansi tertentu.

Tahun 1948
Para peneliti di Bell Telephone mengembangkan transistor.

Tahun 1957
1) Jean Hoerni mengembangkan transistor planar.Teknologi ini memungkinkan Pengembangan jutaan bahkan milyaran transistor dimasukan kedalam sebuah keping kecil kristal silicon.
2) USSR (Rusia pada saat itu) meluncurkan Sputnik sebagai satelit bumi buatan pertama yang bertugas sebagai mata-mata.Sebagai balasannya Amerika membentuk Advance Research Projects Agency (ARPA) di bawah kewenangan Departemen Pertahanan Amerika untuk mengembangkan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi informasi dalam bidang militer.

Tahun 1972
Pada masa ini Ray Tomlinson menciptakan program E-mail pertama yang digunakan untuk berkomunikasi jarak jauh menggunakan teks.E-mail dapat dikatakan sebagai surat elektronik.

Tahun 1973-1990
Istilah internet diperkenalkan dalam sebuah paper mengenai TCP/IP kemudian dilakukan pengembangan sebuah protokol jaringan yang kemudian dikenal dengan nama TCP/IP yang dikembangkan oleh grup dari DARPA.Pada tahun 1981 National Science Fondation mengembangkan Backbone yang disebut CSNET dengan kapasitas 56 Kbps untuk setiap institusi dalam pemerintahan.Kemudian pada tahun 1986 IETF mengembangkan sebuah server yang berfungsi sebagai alat koordinasi diantaranya:DARPA, ARPANET, DDN, dan Internet Gateway.

Tahun 1991-Sekarang
Sistem bisnis dalam bidang IT pertama kali terjadi ketika CERN dalam menanggulangi biaya operasionalnya memungut bayaran dari para anggotanya.Pada tahun 1992 pembentukan komunitas internet, kemudian diperkenalkan istilah World Wide Web (WWW) oleh CERN.Pada tahun 1993, NSF membentuk interNIC untuk menyediakan jasa pelayanan internet menyangkut direktori dan penyimpanan data serta database (oleh AT&T), jasa registrasi (oleh Network Solution Inc),dan jasa informasi (oleh General Atomics/CERFnet).Pada tahun 1994 pertumbuhan internet melaju dengan sangat cepat dan mulai merambah ke dalam segala segi kehidupan manusia dan menjadi bagian yang tidak dapat dipisahkan dari manusia.Tahun 1995, perusahaan umum mulai diperkenankan menjadi provider dengan membeli jaringan di Backbone.Langkah ini memulai pengembangan teknologi informasi khususnya internet dan penelitian-penelitian untuk mengembangkan sistem dan alat yang lebih canggih

English
. Period (.... S / d 3000 BC) Initially, information technology developed in the human this system functions as an introduction to forms They know. They described the information they get on the cave walls, about hunting and animal buruannya. At this time they started to identify objects that have dilingkungan they live with and represent the forms that they then painted on cave walls tempa.t they live, because of their ability in speaking only in the range of voice and signaling dengusan hands as a form of their initial communication at this time. Further development is created and used instruments that produce sounds and gestures, such as drums, trumpets made from animal horn, or smoke signals as a tool to warn against the danger. b. Period of History (3000 BC until an M-1400) In the period of information technology has not become a mass technology as you know now, information technology is still used by a limited circle only, use the special time and cost spent many. c. The period of 3000 BC For the first time any posts used by the nations with the Sumerian symbol-a symbol that was formed as a letter from pictograf. Symbols or letters also have different forms of noise (designation), so it is able to become words, sentences and language. d. Period of History (3000 BC until an M-1400) 1) 2900 BC Use the letter in the nation hierogliph ancient Egypt. Hierogliph the language in which each symbol represented by the expression of the symbol are combined into one berbeda.Ketika akan pronunciation and how to have a different meaning. Writing and language heirogliph is more advanced than any posts Sumerian nation. 2) 500 BC Fiber used as the papyrus paper. Paper made from papyrus tree fiber that grows around the River Nile is the media or the media to write you a strong and flexible compared to the clay plate that was previously used as menia information. 3) 105 M Chinese find kertas.Kertas were found by the Chinese during the period this paper is that you know now. This paper made from bamboo fiber is mashed, strained, washed, and then trim the dry. This invention also allows the printing system using a block of wood ditoreh and dilumuri by ink or do you know now with the system cap. 2. Modern Period (1400-M an s / d now) Year 1455 Printing plate using the letter made of iron that can be changed-change in the frame made of wood was developed for the first time by Johann Guntenberg Year 1830 Augusta Lady Byron to write the first computer program in the world working with the Charles Babbage Analytical engine to use it. The tool is designed is able to enter data, mengola data, and produce output in the form of a card. This machine is known as the first digital computer even though I work more than a mechanical digital, 94 years before the first digital computer was ENIAC 1. Year 1837 Samuel Morse develops telegraph and Morse code language with Sir Wiliam Cook and Sir Charles Wheatstone sent electronically between the two places are far apart through the cable that connects the two places. Sending and receiving of this information is able to be sent and received at the time that is almost at the same time allows the discovery of this information can be received and used extensively by the community without dirintangi by distance and time. Year 1861 Moving image that is projected to a screen in the first time used as the embryo of the film now at the time of developing this first projector with a screen tancap. Year 1876 At this time marked with the leaders of the Melvyl Dewey decimal system of writing. Year 1877 1) Alexander Graham Bell created the phone and used the first time in general. 2) with high-speed Photography by Edward Maybridge found. Year 1899 Used in the tape storage system (tape) is magnetic in the first period, but this store still be analog not digital like the present. 1923 At this time marked with a tube TV Zvorkyn create the first. 1940 The start of the development of knowledge in the field of information during the World War 2 that is used for sending and receiving of military documents that are stored in the form of magnetic tape. 1945 Vannevar Bush to develop a system using this hypertext.Pada the use of hypertext have been developed in line with the development of web site design that is currently developing. Year 1946 During the period of this technology, the first digital computer ENIAC in the world although I have not developed so many users, but computer technology has been used a certain agencies. 1948 The researchers at Bell Telephone develop transistor. 1957 1) Jean Hoerni developed transistor planar.Teknologi allows millions even billions of transistor is input into a small crystal silicon chip. 2) USSR (Russia at that time) launched Sputnik as the first artificial earth satellite on duty as eye-mata.Sebagai form the United States replies Advance Research Projects Agency (ARPA) under the authority of United States Department of Defense to develop science and technology information in the field of military . 1972 At this time Ray Tomlinson created the E-mail program first used to communicate remotely using teks.E-mail can be said as electronic mail. Year 1973-1990 The term Internet was introduced in a paper on TCP / IP and development carried out a network protocol, which was then known as TCP / IP was developed by a group of DARPA.Pada 1981 National Science Fondation developing Backbone called CSNET with a capacity of 56 Kbps for each institution in pemerintahan.Kemudian IETF in 1986 to develop a server that functions as a means of coordination are: DARPA, ARPANET, DDN, and the Internet Gateway. 1991-Now Business systems in the IT field first occurs when the CERN in tackling the operational costs of the charge anggotanya.Pada formation in 1992 the Internet community, and introduced the term World Wide Web (WWW) by CERN.Pada in 1993, NSF established Internic to provide services directories and internet related data storage and database (by AT & T), registration services (by Network Solutions Inc.), and information services (by General Atomics / CERFnet). In 1994 the growth of the Internet drove very fast and began reaching into all aspects of life humans and be a part that can not be separated from manusia.Tahun 1995, public companies began to be allowed into the network providers to buy in this Backbone.Langkah began development of the Internet, especially information technology and research to develop systems and more sophisticated tools

komponen kominukasi_by_marius

Komponen komunikasi
Komponen komunikasi adalah hal-hal yang harus ada agar komunikasi bisa berlangsung dengan baik. Menurut Laswell komponen-komponen komunikasi adalah:
Pengirim atau komunikator (sender) adalah pihak yang mengirimkan pesan kepada pihak lain.
Pesan (message) adalah isi atau maksud yang akan disampaikan oleh satu pihak kepada pihak lain.
Saluran (channel) adalah media dimana pesan disampaikan kepada komunikan. dalam komunikasi antar-pribadi (tatap muka) saluran dapat berupa udara yang mengalirkan getaran nada/suara.
Penerima atau komunikate (receiver) adalah pihak yang menerima pesan dari pihak lain
Umpan balik (feedback) adalah tanggapan dari penerimaan pesan atas isi pesan yang disampaikannya.
Aturan yang disepakati para pelaku komunikasi tentang bagaimana komunikasi itu akan dijalankan ("Protokol")

[sunting] Proses komunikasi
Secara ringkas, proses berlangsungnya komunikasi bisa digambarkan seperti berikut.
Komunikator (sender) yang mempunyai maksud berkomunikasi dengan orang lain mengirimkan suatu pesan kepada orang yang dimaksud. Pesan yang disampaikan itu bisa berupa informasi dalam bentuk bahasa ataupun lewat simbol-simbol yang bisa dimengerti kedua pihak.
Pesan (message) itu disampaikan atau dibawa melalui suatu media atau saluran baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung. Contohnya berbicara langsung melalui telepon, surat, e-mail, atau media lainnya.
Komunikan (receiver) menerima pesan yang disampaikan dan menerjemahkan isi pesan yang diterimanya ke dalam bahasa yang dimengerti oleh komunikan itu sendiri.
Komunikan (receiver) memberikan umpan balik (feedback) atau tanggapan atas pesan yang dikirimkan kepadanya, apakah dia mengerti atau memahami pesan yang dimaksud oleh si pengirim.

PERALATAN TIK(TELECENTER) BY Muhammad syidiq nurhidayat

Telecenter merupakan suatu fasilitas warga dimana mereka dapat berinteraksi, belajar, bekerja dan bermain dengan memanfaatkan komputer, internet dan berbagai teknologi informasi dan komunikasi (TIK) lainnya. Suku kata "Tele" yang berasal dari telekomunikasi memungkinkan warga berinteraksi, belajar, bekerja dan bermain dengan pihak di luar daerahnya, bahkan dengan pihak internasional. Walaupun berbeda-beda bentuknya, telecenter mempunyai karakteristik khusus yaitu mendukung kegiatan pemberdayaan masyarakat seperti membantu kegiatan peningkatan kesehatan, pendidikan dan ekonomi; meningkatkan partisipasi masyarakat dalam kehidupan bernegara, berdemokrasi dan pembangunan; meningkatkan kapasitas masyarakat dalam berorganisasi dan melakukan usaha; meningkatkan peran serta pemuda/i dan perempuan; mengurangi keterisolasian; mengurangi kesenjangan digital; dsb.
Beberapa ciri telecenter yang berhasil adalah sbb:
Dimiliki oleh masyarakat dan dibiayai secara gotong royong
Layanan komunikasi dan informasinya dapat dipercaya
Layanannya berguna dan sesuai dengan kebutuhan warga
Warga berpartisipasi aktif dalam penyelenggaraan layanan telecenter
Transparan dalam hal administrasi dan keuangan
Diperoleh dari "http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecentre"
ENGLISH
Telecentre
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

Telecentre building in Senegal
A telecentre is a public place where people can access computers, the Internet, and other digital technologies that enable them to gather information, create, learn, and communicate with others while they develop essential digital skills. While each telecentre is different, their common focus is on the use of digital technologies to support community, economic, educational, and social development—reducing isolation, bridging the digital divide, promoting health issues, creating economic opportunities, and reaching out to youth for example.
Telecentres exist in almost every country, although they sometimes go by a different name: public internet access center (PIAP), village knowledge center, infocenter, community technology center (CTC), community multimedia center (CMC), multipurpose community telecentre (MCT), Common/Citizen Service Centre (CSC), school-based telecentre, etc.
Contents[hide]
1 Evolution of the telecentre movement
2 Types
3 Telecentres and international development institutions
4 Sustainability problems
5 Networks
6 Further information
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 External links
10.1 Wikibooks

bluetooth_by_yossi mardiawati

Bluetooth is an open wireless protocol for exchanging data over short distances from fixed and mobile devices, creating personal area networks (PANs). It was originally conceived as a wireless alternative to RS232 data cables. It can connect several devices, overcoming problems of synchronization.
Name and logo
The word Bluetooth is an anglicized version of Old Norse Blátönn or Danish Blåtand, the name of the tenth-century king Harald I of Denmark, who united dissonant Danish tribes into a single kingdom. The implication is that Bluetooth does the same with communications protocols, uniting them into one universal standard.[1][2][3]
The Bluetooth logo is a bind rune merging the Germanic runes (Hagall) and (Berkanan).

[edit] Implementation
Bluetooth uses a radio technology called frequency-hopping spread spectrum, which chops up the data being sent and transmits chunks of it on up to 79 frequencies. In its basic mode, the modulation is Gaussian frequency-shift keying (GFSK). It can achieve a gross data rate of 1 Mb/s. Bluetooth provides a way to connect and exchange information between devices such as mobile phones, telephones, laptops, personal computers, printers, Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers, digital cameras, and video game consoles through a secure, globally unlicensed Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) 2.4 GHz short-range radio frequency bandwidth. The Bluetooth specifications are developed and licensed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG). The Bluetooth SIG consists of companies in the areas of telecommunication, computing, networking, and consumer electronics.[4]

PERANAN TIK BY ANGGER GALIH P

bahaasa
Posted in 17 February 2009 ¬ 17:56h.Rodiyansyah Sandi FajarNo Comments »
Peran TIK Bagi SiswaTerdapat beberapa peran TIK dalam membantu siswa dalam belajar, yaitu:Pertama, presenting information. Dengan adanya TIK, data dan informasi akan dengan mudah dapat diperoleh oleh siswa hanya dengan memasukkan data yang sesuai dengan yang diinginkan oleh para siswa dalam sistem internet (pencarian dengan google).Kedua, quick and automatic completion of routine tasks. Tugas-tugas rutin siswa dapat diselesaikan dengan menggunakan bantuan komputer dengan cepat dan otomatis. Dengan adanya komputer, siswa dapat membuat grafik, perhitungan data, membuat paparan yang beranimasi, dan lain sebagainya.Ketiga, assessing and handling information. Dengan adanya komputer yang dihubungkan dengan intenet, siswa dapat dengan mudah memperoleh dan mengirimkan informasi dengan mudah dan cepat. Melalui jaringan internet, siswa dapat memiliki website yang menjangkau keseluruh dunia.Peran TIK Bagi GuruSemua hal itu tidak akan terjadi dengan sendirinya karena setiap siswa memiliki kondisi yang berbeda antara satu dengan lainnya. Siswa memerlukan bimbingan baik dari guru maupun dari orang tuanya dalam melakukan proses pembelajaran dengan dukungan TIK. Dalam kaitan ini guru memegang peran yang amat penting dan harus menguasai seluk beluk TIK dan yang lebih penting lagi adalah kemampuan memfasilitasi pembelajaran anak secara efektif.Guru harus memberikan peluang yang sebesar-besarnya bagi siswa untuk mengembangkan cara-cara pembelajarannya sendiri sesuai dengan kondisi masing-masing. Disamping itu, guru diharapkan mampu memahami kondisi setiap siswa dan membantunya ke arah perkembangan optimal. Sebagai manajer pembelajaran, guru memiliki kemandirian dan otonomi yang seluas-luasnya dalam mengelola keseluruhan kegiatan belajar-mengajar dengan mendinamiskan seluruh sumber-sumber penunjang pembelajaran. guru bukanlah satu-satunya sumber belajar bagi anak, akan tetapi ia sebagai fasilitator pembelajaran siswa.



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Posted in 17 February 2009 ¬ 17:56h.Rodiyansyah Sandi FajarNo Comments »
Peran TIK Bagi SiswaTerdapat beberapa peran TIK dalam membantu siswa dalam belajar, yaitu:Pertama, presenting information. Dengan adanya TIK, data dan informasi akan dengan mudah dapat diperoleh oleh siswa hanya dengan memasukkan data yang sesuai dengan yang diinginkan oleh para siswa dalam sistem internet (pencarian dengan google).Kedua, quick and automatic completion of routine tasks. Tugas-tugas rutin siswa dapat diselesaikan dengan menggunakan bantuan komputer dengan cepat dan otomatis. Dengan adanya komputer, siswa dapat membuat grafik, perhitungan data, membuat paparan yang beranimasi, dan lain sebagainya.Ketiga, assessing and handling information. Dengan adanya komputer yang dihubungkan dengan intenet, siswa dapat dengan mudah memperoleh dan mengirimkan informasi dengan mudah dan cepat. Melalui jaringan internet, siswa dapat memiliki website yang menjangkau keseluruh dunia.Peran TIK Bagi GuruSemua hal itu tidak akan terjadi dengan sendirinya karena setiap siswa memiliki kondisi yang berbeda antara satu dengan lainnya. Siswa memerlukan bimbingan baik dari guru maupun dari orang tuanya dalam melakukan proses pembelajaran dengan dukungan TIK. Dalam kaitan ini guru memegang peran yang amat penting dan harus menguasai seluk beluk TIK dan yang lebih penting lagi adalah kemampuan memfasilitasi pembelajaran anak secara efektif.Guru harus memberikan peluang yang sebesar-besarnya bagi siswa untuk mengembangkan cara-cara pembelajarannya sendiri sesuai dengan kondisi masing-masing. Disamping itu, guru diharapkan mampu memahami kondisi setiap siswa dan membantunya ke arah perkembangan optimal. Sebagai manajer pembelajaran, guru memiliki kemandirian dan otonomi yang seluas-luasnya dalam mengelola keseluruhan kegiatan belajar-mengajar dengan mendinamiskan seluruh sumber-sumber penunjang pembelajaran. guru bukanlah satu-satunya sumber belajar bagi anak, akan tetapi ia sebagai fasilitator pembelajaran siswa.
_SetupBidi('source');

bahaasa Posted in 17 February 2009 ¬ FajarNo Sandi 17:56 h.Rodiyansyah Comments » The role of ICT for ICT SiswaTerdapat some role in helping students in learning, namely: First, presenting information. With ICT, data and information can easily obtained by students just by entering data in accordance with the desires of the students in the system of internet (google search). Second, quick and automatic completion of routine tasks. Routine tasks can be solved by students using computer-assisted quickly and automatically. With computers, students can create graphs, calculate data, making the animated presentation, and other sebagainya.Ketiga, assessing and handling information. With the computer connected to the intenet, students can easily obtain and send information easily and quickly. Through the internet, students can have a website that covers a whole dunia.Peran ICT GuruSemua For it will not happen by itself because every student has different conditions to each other. Students need guidance from teachers and from their parents in the learning process with the support of ICT. In this regard, the teacher holds a very important role and must master the ins and outs of ICT and, more important is the ability to facilitate learning efektif.Guru child must provide an opportunity as much as possible for students to develop study methods themselves in accordance with their conditions respectively. In addition, teachers are expected to understand the condition of each student and help him to the optimum development. As a manager of learning, teachers have the independence and autonomy of the broadest in managing the overall teaching and learning activities with mendinamiskan all supporting sources of learning. teacher is not the only source of learning for children, but he was as a facilitator of learning students.
Indonesia—Deteksi bahasa—AlbaniaArabBelandaBulgarCekDanskEstiGalisiaHindiIbraniIndonesiaInggrisItaliaJepangJermanKatalanaKoreaKroatLatviLituaviMagyarMaltaMandarinNorskPilipinoPolskiPortugisPrancisRumaniaRusiaSerbSlovenSlowakiaSpanyolSuomiSwenskThaiTurkiUkrainaVietnamYunani > Inggris—AlbaniaArabBelandaBulgarCekDanskEstiGalisiaHindiIbraniIndonesiaInggrisItaliaJepangJermanKatalanaKoreaKroatLatviLituaviMagyarMaltaMandarin (Aks. Sederhana)Mandarin (Aks. Tradisional)NorskPilipinoPolskiPortugisPrancisRumaniaRusiaSerbSlovenSlowakiaSpanyolSuomiSwenskThaiTurkiUkrainaVietnamYunani tukar

window.jstiming.load.tick('br');h = new _History();ctr = new _TranslateForm(new _LanguageSelector('old_sl','sl_select','3'),new _LanguageSelector('old_tl','tl_select','3'),'old_submit','submit_button', h,'source','result_box','dict','autotrans','/translate','/translate_t',undefined,'http://72.14.203.132/translate_f', 'select_text','select_document', 'file_div', 'file',true,'telusuri','clir');window.jstiming.load.tick('prt')

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bahaasa Posted in 17 February 2009 ¬ FajarNo Sandi 17:56 h.Rodiyansyah Comments » The role of ICT for ICT SiswaTerdapat some role in helping students in learning, namely: First, presenting information. With ICT, data and information can easily obtained by students just by entering data in accordance with the desires of the students in the system of internet (google search). Second, quick and automatic completion of routine tasks. Routine tasks can be solved by students using computer-assisted quickly and automatically. With computers, students can create graphs, calculate data, making the animated presentation, and other sebagainya.Ketiga, assessing and handling information. With the computer connected to the intenet, students can easily obtain and send information easily and quickly. Through the internet, students can have a website that covers a whole dunia.Peran ICT GuruSemua For it will not happen by itself because every student has different conditions to each other. Students need guidance from teachers and from their parents in the learning process with the support of ICT. In this regard, the teacher holds a very important role and must master the ins and outs of ICT and, more important is the ability to facilitate learning efektif.Guru child must provide an opportunity as much as possible for students to develop study methods themselves in accordance with their conditions respectively. In addition, teachers are expected to understand the condition of each student and help him to the optimum development. As a manager of learning, teachers have the independence and autonomy of the broadest in managing the overall teaching and learning activities with mendinamiskan all supporting sources of learning. teacher is not the only source of learning for children, but he was as a facilitator of learning students." name=gtrans>
Kami akan menggunakan saran Anda untuk meningkatkan kualitas terjemahan saat sistem kami diperbarui di masa mendatang.


bahaasa
Posted in 17 February 2009 ¬ FajarNo Sandi 17:56 h.Rodiyansyah Comments »
The role of ICT for ICT SiswaTerdapat some role in helping students in learning, namely: First, presenting information. With ICT, data and information can easily obtained by students just by entering data in accordance with the desires of the students in the system of internet (google search). Second, quick and automatic completion of routine tasks. Routine tasks can be solved by students using computer-assisted quickly and automatically. With computers, students can create graphs, calculate data, making the animated presentation, and other sebagainya.Ketiga, assessing and handling information. With the computer connected to the intenet, students can easily obtain and send information easily and quickly. Through the internet, students can have a website that covers a whole dunia.Peran ICT GuruSemua For it will not happen by itself because every student has different conditions to each other. Students need guidance from teachers and from their parents in the learning process with the support of ICT. In this regard, the teacher holds a very important role and must master the ins and outs of ICT and, more important is the ability to facilitate learning efektif.Guru child must provide an opportunity as much as possible for students to develop study methods themselves in accordance with their conditions respectively. In addition, teachers are expected to understand the condition of each student and help him to the optimum development. As a manager of learning, teachers have the independence and autonomy of the broadest in managing the overall teaching and learning activities with mendinamiskan all supporting sources of learning. teacher is not the only source of learning for children, but he was as a facilitator of learning students.
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Terjemahan: Indonesia » Inggris
bahaasa
Posted in 17 February 2009 ¬ 17:56h.Rodiyansyah Sandi FajarNo Comments »
Peran TIK Bagi SiswaTerdapat beberapa peran TIK dalam membantu siswa dalam belajar, yaitu:Pertama, presenting information. Dengan adanya TIK, data dan informasi akan dengan mudah dapat diperoleh oleh siswa hanya dengan memasukkan data yang sesuai dengan yang diinginkan oleh para siswa dalam sistem internet (pencarian dengan google).Kedua, quick and automatic completion of routine tasks. Tugas-tugas rutin siswa dapat diselesaikan dengan menggunakan bantuan komputer dengan cepat dan otomatis. Dengan adanya komputer, siswa dapat membuat grafik, perhitungan data, membuat paparan yang beranimasi, dan lain sebagainya.Ketiga, assessing and handling information. Dengan adanya komputer yang dihubungkan dengan intenet, siswa dapat dengan mudah memperoleh dan mengirimkan informasi dengan mudah dan cepat. Melalui jaringan internet, siswa dapat memiliki website yang menjangkau keseluruh dunia.Peran TIK Bagi GuruSemua hal itu tidak akan terjadi dengan sendirinya karena setiap siswa memiliki kondisi yang berbeda antara satu dengan lainnya. Siswa memerlukan bimbingan baik dari guru maupun dari orang tuanya dalam melakukan proses pembelajaran dengan dukungan TIK. Dalam kaitan ini guru memegang peran yang amat penting dan harus menguasai seluk beluk TIK dan yang lebih penting lagi adalah kemampuan memfasilitasi pembelajaran anak secara efektif.Guru harus memberikan peluang yang sebesar-besarnya bagi siswa untuk mengembangkan cara-cara pembelajarannya sendiri sesuai dengan kondisi masing-masing. Disamping itu, guru diharapkan mampu memahami kondisi setiap siswa dan membantunya ke arah perkembangan optimal. Sebagai manajer pembelajaran, guru memiliki kemandirian dan otonomi yang seluas-luasnya dalam mengelola keseluruhan kegiatan belajar-mengajar dengan mendinamiskan seluruh sumber-sumber penunjang pembelajaran. guru bukanlah satu-satunya sumber belajar bagi anak, akan tetapi ia sebagai fasilitator pembelajaran siswa.
_SetupBidi('source');

bahaasa Posted in 17 February 2009 ¬ FajarNo Sandi 17:56 h.Rodiyansyah Comments » The role of ICT for ICT SiswaTerdapat some role in helping students in learning, namely: First, presenting information. With ICT, data and information can easily obtained by students just by entering data in accordance with the desires of the students in the system of internet (google search). Second, quick and automatic completion of routine tasks. Routine tasks can be solved by students using computer-assisted quickly and automatically. With computers, students can create graphs, calculate data, making the animated presentation, and other sebagainya.Ketiga, assessing and handling information. With the computer connected to the intenet, students can easily obtain and send information easily and quickly. Through the internet, students can have a website that covers a whole dunia.Peran ICT GuruSemua For it will not happen by itself because every student has different conditions to each other. Students need guidance from teachers and from their parents in the learning process with the support of ICT. In this regard, the teacher holds a very important role and must master the ins and outs of ICT and, more important is the ability to facilitate learning efektif.Guru child must provide an opportunity as much as possible for students to develop study methods themselves in accordance with their conditions respectively. In addition, teachers are expected to understand the condition of each student and help him to the optimum development. As a manager of learning, teachers have the independence and autonomy of the broadest in managing the overall teaching and learning activities with mendinamiskan all supporting sources of learning. teacher is not the only source of learning for children, but he was as a facilitator of learning students.
Indonesia—Deteksi bahasa—AlbaniaArabBelandaBulgarCekDanskEstiGalisiaHindiIbraniIndonesiaInggrisItaliaJepangJermanKatalanaKoreaKroatLatviLituaviMagyarMaltaMandarinNorskPilipinoPolskiPortugisPrancisRumaniaRusiaSerbSlovenSlowakiaSpanyolSuomiSwenskThaiTurkiUkrainaVietnamYunani > Inggris—AlbaniaArabBelandaBulgarCekDanskEstiGalisiaHindiIbraniIndonesiaInggrisItaliaJepangJermanKatalanaKoreaKroatLatviLituaviMagyarMaltaMandarin (Aks. Sederhana)Mandarin (Aks. Tradisional)NorskPilipinoPolskiPortugisPrancisRumaniaRusiaSerbSlovenSlowakiaSpanyolSuomiSwenskThaiTurkiUkrainaVietnamYunani tukar

window.jstiming.load.tick('br');h = new _History();ctr = new _TranslateForm(new _LanguageSelector('old_sl','sl_select','3'),new _LanguageSelector('old_tl','tl_select','3'),'old_submit','submit_button', h,'source','result_box','dict','autotrans','/translate','/translate_t',undefined,'http://72.14.203.132/translate_f', 'select_text','select_document', 'file_div', 'file',true,'telusuri','clir');window.jstiming.load.tick('prt')

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bahaasa Posted in 17 February 2009 ¬ FajarNo Sandi 17:56 h.Rodiyansyah Comments » The role of ICT for ICT SiswaTerdapat some role in helping students in learning, namely: First, presenting information. With ICT, data and information can easily obtained by students just by entering data in accordance with the desires of the students in the system of internet (google search). Second, quick and automatic completion of routine tasks. Routine tasks can be solved by students using computer-assisted quickly and automatically. With computers, students can create graphs, calculate data, making the animated presentation, and other sebagainya.Ketiga, assessing and handling information. With the computer connected to the intenet, students can easily obtain and send information easily and quickly. Through the internet, students can have a website that covers a whole dunia.Peran ICT GuruSemua For it will not happen by itself because every student has different conditions to each other. Students need guidance from teachers and from their parents in the learning process with the support of ICT. In this regard, the teacher holds a very important role and must master the ins and outs of ICT and, more important is the ability to facilitate learning efektif.Guru child must provide an opportunity as much as possible for students to develop study methods themselves in accordance with their conditions respectively. In addition, teachers are expected to understand the condition of each student and help him to the optimum development. As a manager of learning, teachers have the independence and autonomy of the broadest in managing the overall teaching and learning activities with mendinamiskan all supporting sources of learning. teacher is not the only source of learning for children, but he was as a facilitator of learning students." name=gtrans>
Kami akan menggunakan saran Anda untuk meningkatkan kualitas terjemahan saat sistem kami diperbarui di masa mendatang.


bahaasa
Posted in 17 February 2009 ¬ FajarNo Sandi 17:56 h.Rodiyansyah Comments »
The role of ICT for ICT SiswaTerdapat some role in helping students in learning, namely: First, presenting information. With ICT, data and information can easily obtained by students just by entering data in accordance with the desires of the students in the system of internet (google search). Second, quick and automatic completion of routine tasks. Routine tasks can be solved by students using computer-assisted quickly and automatically. With computers, students can create graphs, calculate data, making the animated presentation, and other sebagainya.Ketiga, assessing and handling information. With the computer connected to the intenet, students can easily obtain and send information easily and quickly. Through the internet, students can have a website that covers a whole dunia.Peran ICT GuruSemua For it will not happen by itself because every student has different conditions to each other. Students need guidance from teachers and from their parents in the learning process with the support of ICT. In this regard, the teacher holds a very important role and must master the ins and outs of ICT and, more important is the ability to facilitate learning efektif.Guru child must provide an opportunity as much as possible for students to develop study methods themselves in accordance with their conditions respectively. In addition, teachers are expected to understand the condition of each student and help him to the optimum development. As a manager of learning, teachers have the independence and autonomy of the broadest in managing the overall teaching and learning activities with mendinamiskan all supporting sources of learning. teacher is not the only source of learning for children, but he was as a facilitator of learning students.
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SEJARAH HP_BY_APRILIA 10 3

HP-UX
Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas
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{{{toptext}}}
Nama sistem operasi = HP-UXDeveloper = Hewlett-PackardKeluarga = UNIX System VMasih dikembangkan = YaVersi terakhir = 11.31.0702Tanggal versi terakhir dirilis = Februari 2007Platform yang didukung = PA-RISC, IA-64Lisensi = ProprietaryWebsite = www.hp.com/go/hpux/
HP-UX (singkatan dari Hewlett-Packard Unix) adalah salah satu sistem operasi keluarga UNIX yang diimplementasikan oleh Hewlett-Packard yang banyak digunakan di komputer mainframe. HP-UX dibuat berdasarkan sistem UNIX System V (meski pada awalnya adalah UNIX System III). Sistem operasi ini berjalan di atas jajaran prosesor HP PA-RISC dan keluarga Intel Itanium (karena memang Intel dan Hewlett-Packard bekerja sama dalam mengembangkan Itanium), dan juga kemudian dapat berjalan di atas sistem Apollo/Domain. Sistem-sistem versi terdahulu bahkan dapat berjalan di atas komputer HP 9000 Series 200, 300 dan 400 yang menggunakan prosesor Motorola 68000 series, dan juga HP 9000 Series 500 yang menggunakan prosesor dengan arsitektur HP FOCUS.
HP-UX merupakan versi UNIX pertama yang menerapkan fungsi access control list untuk izin akses berkas dibandingkan dengan izin akses UNIX yang biasa digunakan. HP-UX juga merupakan salah satu sistem UNIX pertama yang mengintegrasikan Logical Volume Manager (LVM). HP juga memiliki kerjasama dengan VERITAS, sehingga mereka menggunakan sistem berkas VxFS sebagai sistem berkas utamanya. Meskipun demikian, karena berbagai sebab, sistem berkas yang digunakan sebagai perangkat booting tetap menggunakan Hi Performance File System (HFS).






HP-UX
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
HP-UX 11i
Company / developer
Hewlett-Packard
OS family
UNIX System V
Working state
Current
Source model
Closed source
Latest stable release
11.31.0809 - HP-UX 11i v3 Update 4 / April 2009
Package manager
Software Distributor
Supported platforms
PA-RISC, IA-64
Kernel type
Monolithic kernel with dynamically loadable modules
License
Proprietary
Website
www.hp.com/go/hpux/
HP-UX (Hewlett Packard UniX) is Hewlett-Packard's proprietary implementation of the Unix operating system, based on System V (initially System III). It runs on the HP 9000 PA-RISC-based range of processors and HP Integrity Intel's Itanium-based systems, and was also available for later Apollo/Domain systems. Earlier versions also ran on the HP 9000 Series 200, 300, and 400 computer systems based on the Motorola 68000 series of processors, as well as the HP 9000 Series 500 computers based on HP's proprietary FOCUS processor architecture.
HP-UX was the first Unix to use access control lists for file access permissions rather than the standard Unix permissions system. HP-UX was also among the first Unix systems to include a built-in logical volume manager. HP has had a long partnership with Veritas Software, and uses VxFS as the primary file system. HP-UX 11i is currently credited with leadership in integrated mission-critical virtualization[1] , observed performance, high availability and manageability.[2]
The current shipping release is HP-UX 11i v3 (11.31) with Update 4 (0903).

hardware computer byfrans

Typical PC hardware
Though a PC comes in many different form factors, a typical personal computer consists of a case or chassis in a tower shape (desktop) and the following parts:
[edit] Motherboard
The motherboard is the "brain"[citation needed] of the computer. Components directly attached to the motherboard include:
The central processing unit (CPU) performs most of the calculations which enable a computer to function, and is sometimes referred to as the "brain" of the computer. It is usually cooled by a heat sink and fan.
The chipset mediates communication between the CPU and the other components of the system, including main memory.
RAM Stores all running processes (applications) and the current running OS. RAM Stands for Random Access Memory
The BIOS includes boot firmware and power management. The Basic Input Output System tasks are handled by operating system drivers.
Internal Buses connect the CPU to various internal components and to expansion cards for graphics and sound.
Current
The northbridge memory controller, for RAM and PCI Express
PCI Express, for expansion cards such as graphics and physics processors, and high-end network interfaces
PCI, for other expansion cards
SATA, for disk drives
Obsolete
ATA (superseded by SATA)
AGP (superseded by PCI Express)
VLB VESA Local Bus (superseded by AGP)
ISA (expansion card slot format obsolete in PCs, but still used in industrial computers)
External Bus Controllers support ports for external peripherals. These ports may be controlled directly by the southbridge I/O controller or based on expansion cards attached to the motherboard through the PCI bus.
USB
FireWire
eSATA
SCSI

Power supply
Main article: Power supply unit (computer)
Includes power cord, switch, and cooling fan. Supplies power at appropriate voltages to the motherboard and internal disk drives. It also converts alternating current to direct current and provides different voltages to different parts of the computer.
[edit] Video display controller
Main article: Graphics card
Produces the output for the computer monitor. This will either be built into the motherboard or attached in its own separate slot (PCI, PCI-E, PCI-E 2.0, or AGP), in the form of a graphics card.
Most video cards support the most basic requirements, and video card manufacturing companies are doing a good job of keeping up with the requirements the games need. However the games are still evolving faster than the video because of manufacturing companies.
Peralatan Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi By Fany Ola Maulina

Peralatan Teknologi Informasi adalah peralatan yang digunakan untuk mendapatkan suatu informasi yang dibutuhkan melalui media elektronik maupun cetak.Yang termasuk peralatan teknolgi Informasi adalah:
1.Cash Register.yaitu alat yang digunakan untuk memperoleh informasi pembayaran di kasir.
2. Kalkulator.Yaitu alat yang digunakan untuk memperoleh informasi hasil perhitungan angka.
3. Komputeryaitu alat berupa hardware dan software yang digunakan untuk membantu manusia dalam mengolah data menjadi informasi dan menyimpannya untuk ditampilkan dilain waktu. Informasi yang dihasilkan komputer dapat berupa Tulisan, gambar, suara, video dan animasi.
4. Laptop /NotebookYaitu peralatan yang fungsinya sama dengan komputer tetapi bentuknya praktis dapat di lipat dan dibawa-bawa karena menggunakan bantuan baterrai charger sehingga bisa digunakan tanpa menggunakan listrik.
5.DeskbookYaitu peralatan sejenis komputer yang bentuknya praktis yaitu CPU menyatu dengan Monitor sehingga mudah diletakan diatas meja tanpa memakan banyak tempat tetapi masih harus menggunakan listrik langsung. Karena belum dilengkapi batterai.
6. Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) / Komputer genggamYaitu peralatan sejenis komputer tetapi bentuknya sangat mini sehingga dapat dimasukan saku, tetapi manfaatnya hampir sama dengan komputer dapat mengolah data, bahkan sekarang banyak PDA yang juga dapat berfungsi sebagai Handphone (PDA Phone)

Information technology equipment is equipment used to obtain a required information through electronic and print media. Which includes the equipment is technologically Information:

1.Cash Register. the tool used to obtain payment information at checkout.

2. Calculator. Is a tool used to obtain information rate calculations.

3. Computer namely in the form of hardware devices and software used to assist humans in processing data into information and save it to appear in other time. Computer-generated information may include writing, drawing, sound, video and animation.

4. Laptop / Notebook Equipment whose function is similar to a computer but can be a practical form in the folding and portable for use charger baterrai assistance that could be used without using electricity.

5.Deskbook That kind of computer equipment which is a practical form together with the Monitor CPU so easily placed on the table without eating a lot of places but still have to use electricity directly. Because the batteries have not completed.

6. Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) / handheld computer That kind of computer equipment but its shape is very tiny so that it can put a pocket, but the benefit is almost the same as the computer can process the data, even now many PDAs that can also function as a Mobile (PDA Phone)

communication by: AFIATIKA HASANAH

Communication
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"communicate" redirects here. For other uses, see communicate (disambiguation).
For other uses, see Communication (disambiguation).
Communication is a process of transferring information from one entity to another. Communication processes are sign-mediated interactions between at least two agents which share a repertoire of signs and semiotic rules. Communication is commonly defined as "the imparting or interchange of thoughts, opinions, or information by speech, writing, or signs". Communication can be perceived as a two-way process in which there is an exchange and progression of thoughts, feelings or ideas towards a mutually accepted[clarification needed] goal or direction.
Communication, as an academic discipline, has a long history.[1]
Contents[hide]
1 Overview
2 Types of communication
2.1 Dialogue or verbal communication
2.2 Nonverbal communication
2.3 Visual communication
2.4 Other types of communication
3 Communication modelling
4 Non-human living organisms communication
4.1 Plants and fungi
5 Communication as academic discipline
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
//

[edit] Overview
Communication is a process whereby information is enclosed in a package and is discreeted and imparted by sender to a receiver via a channel/medium. The receiver then decodes the message and gives the sender a feedback. Communication requires that all parties have an area of communicative commonality. There are auditory means, such as speaking, singing and sometimes tone of voice, and nonverbal, physical means, such as body language, sign language, paralanguage, touch, eye contact, by using writing.
Communication is thus a process by which we assign and convey meaning in an attempt to create shared understanding. This process requires a vast repertoire of skills in intrapersonal and interpersonal processing, listening, observing, speaking, questioning, analyzing, and evaluating. It is through communication that collaboration and cooperation occur.[2].....
There are also many common barriers to successful communication, two of which are message overload (when a person receives too many messages at the same time), and message complexity.[3] communication is a continuous process.

[edit] Types of communication
There are three major parts in human face to face communication which are body language, voice tonality, and words. According to the research:[4]
55% of impact is determined by body language—postures, gestures, and eye contact,
38% by the tone of voice, and
7% by the content or the words used in the communication process.
Although the exact percentage of influence may differ from variables such as the listener and the speaker, communication as a whole strives for the same goal and thus, in some cases, can be universal. System of signals, such as voice sounds, intonations or pitch, gestures or written symbols which communicate thoughts or feelings. If a language is about communicating with signals, voice, sounds, gestures, or written symbols, can animal communications be considered as a language? Animals do not have a written form of a language, but use a language to communicate with each another. In that sense, an animal communication can be considered as a separate language.
Human spoken and written languages can be described as a system of symbols (sometimes known as lexemes) and the grammars (rules) by which the symbols are manipulated. The word "language" is also used to refer to common properties of languages. Language learning is normal in human childhood. Most human languages use patterns of sound or gesture for symbols which enable communication with others around them. There are thousands of human languages, and these seem to share certain properties, even though many shared properties have exceptions.
There is no defined line between a language and a dialect, but the linguist Max Weinreich is credited as saying that "a language is a dialect with an army and a navy". Constructed languages such as Esperanto, programming languages, and various mathematical formalisms are not necessarily restricted to the properties shared by human languages.

[edit] Dialogue or verbal communication
A dialogue is a reciprocal conversation between two or more entities. The etymological origins of the word (in Greek διά(diá,through) + λόγος(logos, word,speech) concepts like flowing-through meaning) do not necessarily convey the way in which people have come to use the word, with some confusion between the prefix διά-(diá-,through) and the prefix δι- (di-, two) leading to the assumption that a dialogue is necessarily between only two parties.

[edit] Nonverbal communication
Nonverbal communication is the process of communicating through sending and receiving wordless messages. Such messages can be communicated through gesture, body language or posture; facial expression and eye contact, object communication such as clothing, hairstyles or even architecture, or symbols and infographics, as well as through an aggregate of the above, such as behavioral communication. Nonverbal communication plays a key role in every person's day to day life, from employment to romantic engagements.
Speech may also contain nonverbal elements known as paralanguage, including voice quality, emotion and speaking style, as well as prosodic features such as rhythm, intonation and stress. Likewise, written texts have nonverbal elements such as handwriting style, spatial arrangement of words, or the use of emoticons.A portmanteau of the English words emotion (or emote) and icon, an emoticon is a symbol or combination of symbols used to convey emotional content in written or message form.
Other communication channels such as telegraphy fit into this category, whereby signals travel from person to person by an alternative means. These signals can in themselves be representative of words, objects or merely be state projections. Trials have shown that humans can communicate directly in this way[5] without body language, voice tonality or words.

[edit] Visual communication
Visual communication as the name suggests is communication through visual aid. It is the conveyance of ideas and information in forms that can be read or looked upon. Primarily associated with two dimensional images, it includes: signs, typography, drawing, graphic design, illustration, colour and electronic resources. It solely relies on vision. It is form of communication with visual effect. It explores the idea that a visual message with text has a greater power to inform, educate or persuade a person. It is communication by presenting information through visual form.
The evaluation of a good visual design is based on measuring comprehension by the audience, not on aesthetic or artistic preference. There are no universally agreed-upon principles of beauty and ugliness. There exists a variety of ways to present information visually, like gestures, body languages, video and TV. Here, focus is on the presentation of text, pictures, diagrams, photos, et cetera, integrated on a computer display. The term visual presentation is used to refer to the actual presentation of information. Recent research in the field has focused on web design and graphically oriented usability. Graphic designers use methods of visual communication in their professional practice.

[edit] Other types of communication
Other more specific types of communication are for example:
Facilitated communication
Graphic communication
Nonviolent Communication
Science communication
Strategic Communication
Superluminal communication
Technical communication

[edit] Communication modelling

Communication major dimensions scheme

Communication code scheme
Communication is usually described along a few major dimensions: Content (what type of things are communicated), source / emisor / sender / encoder (by whom), form (in which form), channel (through which medium), destination / receiver / target / decoder (to whom), and the purpose or pragmatic aspect. Between parties, communication includes acts that confer knowledge and experiences, give advice and commands, and ask questions. These acts may take many forms, in one of the various manners of communication. The form depends on the abilities of the group communicating. Together, communication content and form make messages that are sent towards a destination. The target can be oneself, another person or being, another entity (such as a corporation or group of beings).
Communication can be seen as processes of information transmission governed by three levels of semiotic rules:
Syntactic (formal properties of signs and symbols),
Pragmatic (concerned with the relations between signs/expressions and their users) and
Semantic (study of relationships between signs and symbols and what they represent).
Therefore, communication is social interaction where at least two interacting agents share a common set of signs and a common set of semiotic rules. This commonly held rules in some sense ignores autocommunication, including intrapersonal communication via diaries or self-talk, both secondary phenomena that followed the primary acquisition of communicative competences within social interactions.
In a simple model, information or content (e.g. a message in natural language) is sent in some form (as spoken language) from an emisor/ sender/ encoder to a destination/ receiver/ decoder. In a slightly more complex form a sender and a receiver are linked reciprocally. A particular instance of communication is called a speech act. The sender's personal filters and the receiver's personal filters may vary depending upon different regional traditions, cultures, or gender; which may alter the intended meaning of message contents. In the presence of "communication noise" on the transmission channel (air, in this case), reception and decoding of content may be faulty, and thus the speech act may not achieve the desired effect. One problem with this encode-transmit-receive-decode model is that the processes of encoding and decoding imply that the sender and receiver each possess something that functions as a code book, and that these two code books are, at the very least, similar if not identical. Although something like code books is implied by the model, they are nowhere represented in the model, which creates many conceptual difficulties.
Theories of coregulation describe communication as a creative and dynamic continuous process, rather than a discrete exchange of information. Canadian media scholar Harold Innis had the theory that people use different types of media to communicate and which one they choose to use will offer different possibilities for the shape and durability of society (Wark, McKenzie 1997). His famous example of this is using ancient Egypt and looking at the ways they built themselves out of media with very different properties stone and papyrus. Papyrus is what he called 'Space Binding'. it made possible the transmission of written orders across space, empires and enables the waging of distant military campaigns and colonial administration. The other is stone and 'Time Binding', through the construction of temples and the pyramids can sustain their authority generation to generation, through this media they can change and shape communication in their society (Wark, McKenzie 1997).
The Krishi Vigyan Kendra Kannur under Kerala Agricultural University has pioneered a new branch of agricultural communication called Creative Extension.

[edit] Non-human living organisms communication
Communication in many of its facets is not limited to humans, or even to primates. Every information exchange between living organisms — i.e. transmission of signals involving a living sender and receiver — can be considered a form of communication. Thus, there is the broad field of animal communication, which encompasses most of the issues in ethology. Also very primitive animals such as corals are competent to communicate.[6] On a more basic level, there is cell signaling, cellular communication, and chemical communication between primitive organisms like bacteria,[7] and within the plant and fungal kingdoms. All of these communication processes are sign-mediated interactions with a great variety of distinct coordinations.
Animal communication is any behaviour on the part of one animal that has an effect on the current or future behavior of another animal. Of course, human communication can be subsumed as a highly developed form of animal communication. The study of animal communication, called zoosemiotics' (distinguishable from anthroposemiotics, the study of human communication) has played an important part in the development of ethology, sociobiology, and the study of animal cognition. This is quite evident as humans are able to communicate with animals, especially dolphins and other animals used in circuses. However, these animals have to learn a special means of communication. Animal communication, and indeed the understanding of the animal world in general, is a rapidly growing field, and even in the 21st century so far, many prior understandings related to diverse fields such as personal symbolic name use, animal emotions, animal culture and learning, and even sexual conduct, long thought to be well understood, have been revolutionized.

[edit] Plants and fungi
Among plants, communication is observed within the plant organism, i.e. within plant cells and between plant cells, between plants of the same or related species, and between plants and non-plant organisms, especially in the rootzone. Plant roots communicate in parallel with rhizobia bacteria, with fungi and with insects in the soil. This parallel sign-mediated interactions which are governed by syntactic, pragmatic and semantic rules are possible because of the decentralized "nervous system" of plants. As recent research shows 99%[citation needed] of intraorganismic plant communication processes are neuronal-like. Plants also communicate via volatiles in the case of herbivory attack behavior to warn neighboring plants. In parallel they produce other volatiles which attract parasites which attack these herbivores. In Stress situations plants can overwrite the genetic code they inherited from their parents and revert to that of their grand- or great-grandparents.[8]
Fungi communicate to coordinate and organize their own growth and development such as the formation of mycelia and fruiting bodies. Additionally fungi communicate with same and related species as well as with nonfungal organisms in a great variety of symbiotic interactions, especially with bacteria, unicellular eukaryotes, plants and insects. The used semiochemicals are of biotic origin and they trigger the fungal organism to react in a specific manner, in difference while to even the same chemical molecules are not being a part of biotic messages doesn’t trigger to react the fungal organism. It means, fungal organisms are competent to identify the difference of the same molecules being part of biotic messages or lack of these features. So far five different primary signalling molecules are known that serve to coordinate very different behavioral patterns such as filamentation, mating, growth, pathogenicity. Behavioral coordination and the production of such substances can only be achieved through interpretation processes: self or non-self, abiotic indicator, biotic message from similar, related, or non-related species, or even “noise”, i.e., similar molecules without biotic content-[9]

[edit] Communication as academic discipline
Communication as an academic discipline, sometimes called "communicology,"[10] relates to all the ways we communicate, so it embraces a large body of study and knowledge. The communication discipline includes both verbal and nonverbal messages. A body of scholarship all about communication is presented and explained in textbooks, electronic publications, and academic journals. In the journals, researchers report the results of studies that are the basis for an ever-expanding understanding of how we all communicate.
Communication happens at many levels (even for one single action), in many different ways, and for most beings, as well as certain machines. Several, if not all, fields of study dedicate a portion of attention to communication, so when speaking about communication it is very important to be sure about what aspects of communication one is speaking about. Definitions of communication range widely, some recognizing that animals can communicate with each other as well as human beings, and some are more narrow, only including human beings within the parameters of human symbolic interaction.

[edit] See also
Main article: Outline of communication
List of communications-related conferences
Transmissions and Protocols
Traffic Engineering
Regulatory Focus Theory
Right speech

[edit] References
^ http://seaver.pepperdine.edu/communication/disciplineofcommunication.htm
^ "communication". office of superintendent of Public instruction. Washington. http://www.k12.wa.us/CurriculumInstruct/Communications/default.aspx. Retrieved March 14, 2008.
^ Montana, Patrick J. & Charnov, Bruce H. 2008. Management. 4th ed. New York. Barron's Educational Series, Inc. Pg 333.
^ Mehrabian and Ferris (1967). "Inference of Attitude from Nonverbal Communication in Two Channels". In: The Journal of Counselling Psychology Vol.31, 1967, pp.248-52.
^ Warwick, K, Gasson, M, Hutt, B, Goodhew, I, Kyberd, P, Schulzrinne, H and Wu, X: “Thought Communication and Control: A First Step using Radiotelegraphy”, IEE Proceedings on Communications, 151(3), pp.185-189, 2004
^ Witzany G, Madl P. (2009). Biocommunication of corals. International Journal of Integrative Biology 5(3): 152-163.
^ Witzany G (2008). Bio-Communication of Bacteria and their Evolutionary Roots in Natural Genome Editing Competences of Viruses. Open Evolution Journal 2: 44-54.
^ Witzany, G. (2006). Plant Communication from Biosemiotic Perspective. Plant Signaling and Behavior 1(4): 169-178.
^ Witzany, G. (2007). Applied Biosemiotics: Fungal Communication. In: Witzany, G. (Ed). Biosemiotics in Transdisciplinary Contexts. Helsinki, Umweb, pp. 295-301.
^ http://www.communicology.org/content/communicology-lexicon-definition

[edit] Further reading
Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin 117, 497-529.
Ferraro, G.(2002). Global Brains- Knowledge and Competencies for the 21st Century. Charlotte: Intercultural Associates, Inc.
Severin, Werner J., Tankard, James W., Jr., (1979). Communication Theories: Origins, Methods, Uses. New York: Hastings House, ISBN 0801317037
Wark, McKenzie 1997 The Virtual Republic Allen and Unwin St Leonards pp 22–9
Witzany, G. (2006 ) Plant Communication from Biosemiotic Perspective. Plant Signaling & Behavior 1(4): 169-178.
Witzany, G. (2007 ). Applied Biosemiotics: Fungal Communication. In: Witzany, G. (Ed.) Biosemiotics in Transdisciplinary Contexts. *Helsinki. Umweb, pp 295–301.
Montana, Patrick J. & Charnov, Bruce H. 2008. Management. 4th ed. New York. Barron's Educational Series, Inc. Pg 326-327.
The Idea of Verbal Communication in Early Buddhism Wimal Dissanayake, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, USA, online text

[edit] External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Communication
A brief history of communication across ages
Communicating for change and impact – It is difficult for this paper to look credible when on its first pages it contains a spelling mistake; e.g. "In general, farmers would rather avoid risk then choose profit."
How Human Communication Fails (Tampere University of Technology)
Invision Communication & Research (Communication Strategists)