peralatan TI _by_Dania Novianti

Telemedis

Definisi Telemedicine
Telemedicine adalah layanan kesehatan yang dilakukan dari jarak jauh (Telemedicine is health care carried out at a distance)
Telemidicine adalah transfer data medik elektronik dari satu lokasi ke lokasi lainnya (telemedicine is the transfer of electrical medical data from one location to another)
Telemedicine adalah praktek kesehatan dengan memakai komunikasi audio, visual dan data. termasuk perawatan, diagnosis, konsultasi dan pengobatan serta pertukaran data medis dan diskusi ilmiah jarak jauh.
Berdasarkan pengertian-pengertian diatas, dapat kita pahami bahwa cakupan telemedicine cukup luas, meliputi penyediaan pelayanan kesehatan (termasuk klinis, pendidikan dan pelayanan administrasi) jarak jauh, melalui transfer informasi (audio, video, grafik), dengan menggunakan perangkat-perangkat telekomunikasi (audio-video interaktif dua arah, komputer, dan telemetri) dengan melibatkan dokter, pasien dan pihak-pihak lain. Secara sederhana, telemedicine sesungguhnya telah diaplikasikan ketika terjadi diskusi antara dua dokter membicarakan masalah pasien lewat telepon.



Sejarah Telemedicine
Ide tentang pemeriksaan dan evaluasi kesehatan dengan menggunakan perangkat jaringan telekomunikasi bukanlah hal yang baru. Setelah diperkenalkan pesawat telepon, percobaan telemedicine telah dilakukan pertama kali dengan men-transmisi-kan rekaman ekg melalui jaringan telepon sistem analog. Walaupun jarak tempuh transmisi hanya beberapa kilometer, namun nilai klinisnya tidak begitu bermakna. Setelah itu, beberapa kali dicoba untuk melakukan transmisi suara jantung dan napas antar dokter dan pasien.
Setelah Perang Dunia ke-II (1945), teknik transmisi foto dikembangkan oleh militer di eropa. Pengalaman tersebut memberikan inspirasi para pioner kedokteran dalam mengembangkan teknik pengiriman gambar-gambar medis tentang penyakit dan kelainan dari pasien ke dokter. Sejumlah peneliti kedokteran pada saat itu telah melakukan kegiatan pendidikan, interprestasi dan menegakkan diagnosis serta melakukan pengobatan psikiatri, dan radiologi jarak jauh.
Sejalan dengan kemajuan teknologi komputer dan sistem digital saat ini, perkembangan telemedicine semakin berkembang. Peralatan kedokteran dapat menghasilkan gambar digital secara langsung, selain itu juga dapat mengubah citra video menjadi citra digital. Kini, penggunaan telemedicine sangat luas sampai sekarang diaplikasikan di Amerika, Yunani, Israel, Jepang, Italia, Denmark , Belanda, Norwegia, Jordan, India, dan Malaysia. RSF0606094680



Manfaat Telemedicine
Manfaat telemedicine mencakup kedalam 3 aspek yang saling terkait satu sama lain yaitu pasien, dokter dan rumah sakit. Manfaat langsung bagi pasien adalah:
Mempercepat akses pasien ke pusat-pusat rujukan.
Mudah mendapatkan pertolongan sambil menunggu pertolongan langsung dari dokter-dokter pribadi.
Pasien merasakan tetap dekat dengan rumah dimana keluarga dan sahabat dapat memberikan dukungan langsung.
Menurunkan stres mental atau ketegangan yang dirasakan di tempat kerja.
Menseleksi antara pasien-pasien yang perlu dibawa ke rumah sakit dan pasien yang tidak perlu perawatan di rumah sakit akan tetap tinggal di rumah.



Telemedicine
Telemedicine is a rapidly developing application of clinical medicine where medical information is transferred through the phone or the Internet and sometimes other networks for the purpose of consulting, and sometimes remote medical procedures or examinations.
Telemedicine may be as simple as two health professionals discussing a case over the telephone, or as complex as using satellite technology and video-conferencing equipment to conduct a real-time consultation between medical specialists in two different countries. Telemedicine generally refers to the use of communications and information technologies for the delivery of clinical care.
(See photo from HELP telemedicine clinic) [1]
Care at a distance (also called in absentia care), is an old practice which was often conducted via post; there has been a long and successful history of in absentia health care, which - thanks to modern communication technology - has evolved into what we know as modern telemedicine.
In its early manifestations, African villagers used smoke signals to warn people to stay away from the village in case of serious disease. In the early 1900s, people living in remote areas in Australia used two-way radios, powered by a dynamo driven by a set of bicycle pedals, to communicate with the Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia.
The terms e-health and telehealth are at times wrongly interchanged with telemedicine. Like the terms "medicine" and "health care", telemedicine often refers only to the provision of clinical services while the term telehealth can refer to clinical and non-clinical services such as medical education, administration, and research. The term e-health is often, particularly in the UK and Europe, used as an umbrella term that includes telehealth, electronic medical records, and other components of health IT.



Types of telemedicine
Telemedicine is practiced on the basis of two concepts: real time (synchronous) and store-and-forward and Home Health(asynchronous).
Real time telemedicine could be as simple as a telephone call or as complex as robotic surgery. It requires the presence of both parties at the same time and a communications link between them that allows a real-time interaction to take place. Video-conferencing equipment is one of the most common forms of technologies used in synchronous telemedicine. There are also peripheral devices which can be attached to computers or the video-conferencing equipment which can aid in an interactive examination. For instance, a tele-otoscope allows a remote physician to 'see' inside a patient's ear; a tele-stethoscope allows the consulting remote physician to hear the patient's heartbeat. Medical specialties conducive to this kind of consultation include psychiatry, family practice, internal medicine, rehabilitation, cardiology, pediatrics, obstetrics, gynecology, neurology, speech-language pathology and pharmacy.
Store-and-forward telemedicine involves acquiring medical data (like medical images, biosignals etc) and then transmitting this data to a doctor or medical specialist at a convenient time for assessment offline. It does not require the presence of both parties at the same time. Dermatology (cf: teledermatology), radiology, and pathology are common specialties that are conducive to asynchronous telemedicine. A properly structured Medical Record preferably in electronic form should be a component of this transfer.
Home Health Telemedicine When a patient is in the hospital and he is placed under general observation after a surgery or other medical procedure, the hospital is usually losing a valuable bed and the patient would rather not be there as well. Home health allows the remote observation and care of a patient. Home health equipment consists of vital signs capture, video conferencing capabilities, and patient stats can be reviewed and alarms can be set from the hospital nurse's station, depending on the specific home health device. Usually low bandwidth analog Plain Old Telephone System (POTS). Some newer systems do support higher bandwidth capabilities. Disease management, post-hospital care, assisted living, etc.
Telemedicine is most beneficial for populations living in isolated communities and remote regions and is currently being applied in virtually all medical domains. Specialties that use telemedicine often use a "tele-" prefix; for example, telemedicine as applied by radiologists is called Teleradiology. Similarly telemedicine as applied by cardiologists is termed as telecardiology, etc.
Telemedicine is also useful as a communication tool between a general practitioner and a specialist available at a remote location.
The first interactive Telemedicine system, operating over standard telephone lines, for remotely diagnosing and treating patients requiring cardiac resuscitation (defibrillation) was developed and marketed by MedPhone Corporation in 1989. A year latter the company introduced a mobile cellular version, the MDphone. Twelve hospitals in the U.S. served as receiving and treatment centers. (See: Telecommunications, Concepts, Development, and Management, Second Edition, pages 280-282, W. John Blyth, Glencoe/McCgraw-Hill Company,1990)
Monitoring a patient at home using known devices like blood pressure monitors and transferring the information to a caregiver is a fast growing emerging service. These remote monitoring solutions have a focus on current high morbidity chronic diseases and are mainly deployed for the First World. In developing countries a new way of practicing telemedicine is emerging better known as Primary Remote Diagnostic Visits whereby a doctor uses devices to remotely examine and treat a patient. This new technology and principle of practicing medicine holds big promises to solving major health care delivery problems in for instance Southern Africa because Primary Remote Diagnostic Consultations not only monitors an already diagnosed chronic disease, but has the promise to diagnosing and managing the diseases a patient will typically visit a general practitioner for.